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-f Reboot fast, by suppressing the normal call to fsck when rebooting. -h Halt the system when shutdown is complete. -k Print the warning message, but suppress actual shutdown. -n Perform shutdown without a call to init. -r Reboot the system when shutdown is complete. -t sec Ensure a sec-second delay between killing processes and changing the runlevel. size size [options] [objfile…] Print the number of bytes of each section of objfile and its total size. If objfile is not specified, a.out is used. Options -d Display the size in decimal and hexadecimal. –format format Imitate the size command from either System V (–format sysv) or BSD (–format berkeley). -o Display the size in octal and hexadecimal. –radix num Specify how to display the size: in hexadecimal and decimal (if num is 10 or 16) or hexadecimal and octal (if num is . -x Display the size in hexadecimal and decimal. -A Imitate System V’s size command. -B Imitate BSD’s size command.

-X, –query-user Prompt user to ask if files should be overwritten when unpacking. -Z, –compress Compress and uuencode all files prior to packing. showmount showmount [options] [host] NFS/NIS command. Show information about an NFS server. This information is maintained by the mountd server on host. The default value for host is the value returned by hostname. With no options, show the clients that have mounted directories from the host. showmount is usually found in /usr/sbin, which is not in the default search path. Options -a, –all Print all remote mounts in the format: hostname:directory where hostname is the name of the client and directory is the root of the filesystem that has been mounted. -d, –directories List directories that have been remotely mounted by clients. -e, –exports Print the list of exported filesystems. -h, –help Provide a short help summary. –no-headers Do not print headers. -v, –version Report the current version number of the program. shutdown shutdown [options] when [message] System administration command. Terminate all processing. when may be a specific time (in hh:mm format), a number of minutes to wait (in +m format), or now. A broadcast message notifies all users to log off the system. Processes are signaled with SIGTERM, to allow them to exit gracefully. /etc/init is called to perform the actual shutdown, which consists of placing the system in runlevel 1. Only privileged users can execute the shutdown command. Broadcast messages, default or defined, are displayed at regular intervals during the grace period; the closer the shutdown time, the more frequent the message. Options -c Cancel a shutdown that is in progress.

Print the version number of the program on standard output, then exit. -w, –no-character-count Do not check each file with wc -c after unpacking. The default is to check. -x, –no-check-existing Overwrite existing files without checking. Default is to check and not overwrite existing files. If -c is passed as a parameter to the script when unpacking (sh archive -c), existing files will be overwritten unconditionally. See also -X. -z, –gzip gzip and uuencode all files prior to packing. Must be unpacked with uudecode and gunzip (or zcat). -B, –uuencode Treat all files as binary; use uuencode prior to packing. This increases the size of the archive, and it must be unpacked with uudecode. -D, –no-md5-digest Do not use md5sum digest to verify the unpacked files. The default is to check. -F, –force-prefix Force the prefix character to be prepended to every line even if not required. May slightly increase the size of the archive, especially if -B or -Z is used. -L nn, –split-size-limit=nn Limit output file size to nn kilobytes and split files if necessary. The archive parts created with this option must be unpacked in correct order. Requires use of -o. -M, –mixed-uuencode Pack files in mixed mode (the default). Distinguishes files as either text or binary; binaries are uuencoded prior to packing. -P, –no-piping Use temporary files instead of pipes in the shar file. -Q, –quiet-unshar Disable verbose mode. -S, –stdin-file-list Read list of files to be packed from standard input rather than from the command line. Input must be in a form similar to that generated by the find command, with one filename per line. -T, –text-files Treat all files as text. -V, –vanilla-operation Produce shars that rely only upon the existence of sed and echo in the unsharing environment.

Use delimiter for the files in the shar instead of SHAR_EOF. -f, –basename Causes only simple filenames to be used when restoring, which is useful when building a shar from several directories or another directory. (If a directory name is passed to shar, the substructure of that directory will be restored whether or not -f is used.) -g level, –level-for-gzip=level Use -level as a parameter to gzip (when doing compression). Default is 9. The -g option turns on the -z option by default. –help Print a help summary on standard output, then exit. -l nn, –whole-size-limit=nn Limit the output file size to nn kilobytes but don’t split input files. Requires use of -o. -m, –no-timestamp Don’t generate touch commands to restore the file modification dates when unpacking files from the archive. -n name, –archive-name=name Name of archive to be included in the header of the shar files. Required if the -a option is used. –no-i18n Do not produce internationalized shell archives; use default English messages. By default, shar produces archives that will try to output messages in the unpacker’s preferred language (as determined by LANG/LC_MESSAGES). -o prefix, –output-prefix=prefix Save the archive to files prefix.01 through prefix.nn (instead of sending it to standard output). This option must be used when either -l or -L is used. -p, –intermix-type Allow positional parameter options. The options -B, -T, -z, and -Z may be embedded, and files to the right of the option will be processed in the specified mode. –print-text-domain-dir Print the directory shar looks in to find messages files for different languages, then immediately exit. -q, –quiet, –silent Turn off verbose mode. -s who@where, –submitter=who@where Supply submitter name and address, instead of allowing shar to determine it automatically. –version

setfdprm setfdprm [options] device [name] Load disk parameters used when autoconfiguring floppy devices. Options -c device Clear parameters of device. -n device Disable format-detection messages for device. -p device [name | parameter] Permanently reset parameters for device. You can use name to specify a configuration, or you can specify individual parameters. The parameters that can be specified are dev, size, sect, heads, tracks, stretch, gap, rate, spec1, or fmt_gap. Consult /etc/fdprm for the original values. -y device Enable format-detection messages for device. setsid setsid command [arguments] System administration command. Execute the named command and optional command arguments in a new session. sh sh [options] [file [arguments]] The standard Unix shell, a command interpreter into which all other commands are entered. On Linux, this is just another name for the bash shell. For more information, see Chapter 7, “bash: The Bourne-Again Shell”, . shar shar [options] files shar -S [options] Create shell archives (or shar files) that are in text format and can be mailed. These files may be unpacked later by executing them with /bin/sh. Other commands may be required on the recipient’s system, such as compress, gzip, and uudecode. The resulting archive is sent to standard output, unless the -o option is given. Options -a, –net-headers Allows automatic generation of headers. The -n option is required if the -a option is used. -b bits, –bits-per-code=bits Use -b bits as a parameter to compress (when doing compression). Default value is 12. The -b option automatically turns on -Z. -c, –cut-mark Start the shar file with a line that says “Cut here.” -d delimiter, –here-delimiter=delimiter

Multiplier for priority increments. This determines how much weight to give to a message’s precedence header. sendmail’s default is 1800. Zinc Increment priority of items remaining in queue by inc after each job is processed. sendmail uses 90,000 by default. sendmail support files /usr/lib/sendmail Binary of sendmail. /usr/bin/newaliases Link to /usr/lib/sendmail; causes the alias database to be rebuilt. /usr/bin/mailq Prints a listing of the mail queue. /etc/sendmail.cf Configuration file, in text form. /etc/sendmail.hf SMTP help file. /usr/lib/sendmail.st Statistics file. Doesn’t need to be present. /etc/aliases Alias file, in text form. /etc/aliases.{pag,dir} Alias file in dbm format. /var/spool/mqueue Directory in which the mail queue and temporary files reside. /var/spool/mqueue/qf Control (queue) files for messages. /var/spool/mqueue/df Data files. /var/spool/mqueue/lf Lockfiles. /var/spool/mqueue/tf Temporary versions of af files, used during queue-file rebuild. /var/spool/mqueue/nf Used when creating a unique ID. /var/spool/mqueue/xf Transcript of current session.

Set all of the previous arguments (except public). restrictmailq Allow only users of the same group as the owner of the queue directory to examine the mail queue. restrictqrun Limit queue processing to root and the owner of the queue directory. Puser Send copies of all failed mail to user (usually postmaster). qfact Multiplier (factor) for high-load queuing. Qqueuedir Select the directory in which to queue messages. R Don’t prune route addresses. Sfile Save statistics in the named file. s Always instantiate the queue file, even under circumstances in which it is not strictly necessary. Ttime Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time. tstz, dtz Set name of the time zone. Udatabase Consult the user database database for forwarding information. uN Set default user ID for mailers. v Run in verbose mode. Vhost Fall-back MX host. host should be the fully qualified domain name of the fallback host. w Use a record for an ambiguous MX. xload Queues messages when load level is higher than load. Xload Refuse SMTP connections when load is higher than load. yfactor Penalize large recipient lists by factor. Y Deliver each job that is run from the queue in a separate process. This helps limit the size of running processes on systems with very low amounts of memory. zfactor

Use DNS lookups and tune them. Queue messages on connection refused. The arg arguments are identical to resolver flags without the RES_ prefix. Each flag can be preceded by a plus or minus to enable or disable the corresponding name server option. There must be a whitespace between the I and the first flag. j Use MIME format for error messages. Jpath Set an alternative .forward search path. knum Specify size of the connection cache. Ktime Time out connections after time. l Do not ignore Errors-To header. Ln Specify log level. m Send to me (the sender) also if I am in an alias expansion. MXvalue Define a macro’s value in command line. Assign value to macro X. n When running newaliases, validate the right side of aliases. o If set, this message may have old-style headers. If not set, this message is guaranteed to have new-style headers (i.e., commas instead of spaces between addresses). pwhat,what,… Tune how private you want the SMTP daemon. The what arguments should be separated from one another by commas. The what arguments may be any of the following: public Make SMTP fully public (default). needmailhelo Require site to send HELO or ELHO before sending mail. needexpnhelo Require site to send HELO or ELHO before answering an address expansion request. needvrfyhelo Like preceding argument but for verification requests. noexpn Deny all expansion requests. novrfy Deny all verification requests. authwarnings Insert special headers in mail messages advising recipients that the message may not be authentic. goaway

Format all incoming messages in 7 bits. amin If the D option is set, wait min minutes for the aliases file to be rebuilt before returning an alias database out-of-date warning. Afile Use alternate alias file. bminblocks[/maxsize] Require at least minblocks to be free, and optionally set the maximum message size to maxsize. If maxsize is omitted, the slash is optional. Bchar Set unquoted space replacement character. c On mailers that are considered “expensive” to connect to, don’t initiate immediate connection. Cnum Checkpoint the queue when mailing to multiple recipients. sendmail will rewrite the list of recipients after each group of num recipients has been processed. dx Set the delivery mode to x. Delivery modes are d for deferred delivery, i for interactive (synchronous) delivery, b for background (asynchronous) delivery, and q for queue only — i.e., deliver the next time the queue is run. D Try to automatically rebuild the alias database if necessary. ex Set error processing to mode x. Valid modes are m to mail back the error message, w to write back the error message, p to print the errors on the terminal (default), q to throw away error messages, and e to do special processing for the BerkNet. Etext Set error message header. text is either text to add to an error message or the name of a file. A filename must include its full path and begin with a /. f Save Unix-style From lines at the front of messages. Fmode Set default file permissions for temporary files. If this option is missing, default permissions are 0644. G Compare local mail names to the GECOS section in the password file. g n Default group ID to use when calling mailers. Hfile SMTP help file. h num Allow a maximum of num hops per message. i Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a message terminator. I arg

m Deliver mail (default). p Print the mail queue. s Speak SMTP on input side. t Run in test mode. v Verify addresses; do not collect or deliver. -C file Use configuration file file. -d level Set debugging level. -F name Set full name of user to name. -f name Sender’s name is name. -h cnt Set hop count (number of times message has been processed by sendmail) to cnt. -n Do not alias or forward. -o x value Set option x to value value. Options are described below. -p protocol Receive messages via the protocol protocol. -q [time] Process queued messages immediately, or at intervals indicated by time (for example, -q30m for every half hour). -r name Obsolete form of -f. -t Read head for To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines, and send to everyone on those lists. -v Verbose. -X file Log all traffic to file. Not to be used for normal logging. Configuration options The following options can be set with the -o flag on the command line or the O line in the configuration file: 7