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#ifdef string #endif -e, –ed Treat the contents of patchfile as ed commands. -E, –remove-empty-files If patch creates any empty files, delete them. -f, –force Force all changes, even those that look incorrect. Skip patches if the original file does not exist; force patches for files with the wrong version specified; assume patches are never reversed. -i file, –input=file Read patch from file instead of stdin. -t, –batch Skip patches if the original file does not exist. -F num, –fuzz=num Specify the maximum number of lines that may be ignored (fuzzed over) when deciding where to install a hunk of code. The default is 2. Meaningful only with context diffs. -l, –ignore-whitespace Ignore whitespace while pattern matching. -n, –normal Interpret patch file as a normal diff. -N, –forward Ignore patches that appear to be reversed or to have already been applied. -o file, –output=file Print output to file. -p[num], –strip[=num] Specify how much of preceding pathname to strip. A num of 0 strips everything, leaving just the filename. 1 strips the leading /; each higher number after that strips another directory from the left. -r file, –reject-file=file Place rejects (hunks of the patch file that patch fails to place within the original file) in file. Default is original.rej. -R, –reverse Do a reverse patch: attempt to undo the damage done by patching with the old and new files reversed. -s, –silent, –quiet

Print a help message and then exit. –version Print version information and then exit. -s, –serial Merge lines from one file at a time. Examples Create a three-column file from files x, y, and z: paste x y z > file List users in two columns: who | paste - - Merge each pair of lines into one line: paste -s -d”tn” list patch patch [options] [original [patchfile]] Apply the patches specified in patchfile to original. Replace the original with the new, patched version; move the original to original.orig or original~. Options + [options] [original2] Apply patches again, with different options or a different original file. -b, –backup Back up the original file. -z suffix, –suffix=suffix Back up the original file in original.suffix. -B prefix, –prefix=prefix Prepend prefix to the backup filename. -c, –context Interpret patchfile as a context diff. -d dir, –directory=dir cd to directory before beginning patch operations. -D string, –ifdef=string Mark all changes with:

Set search list to domain. timeout=number Change timeout interval for waiting for a reply to number seconds. type=value Change type of information returned from a query to one of: A Host’s Internet address ANY Any available information CNAME Canonical name for an alias HINFO Host CPU and operating system type MD Mail destination MG Mail group member MINFO Mailbox or mail list information MR Mail rename domain name MX Mail exchanger NS Nameserver for the named zone PTR Hostname or pointer to other information SOA Domain start-of-authority TXT Text information UINFO User information WKS Supported well-known services view filename Sort and list output of previous ls command(s) with more. passwd passwd [user] Create or change a password associated with a user name. Only the owner or a privileged user may change a password. Owners need not specify their user name. paste paste [options] files Merge corresponding lines of one or more files into tab- separated vertical columns. See also cut, join, and pr. Options - Replace a filename with the standard input. -dchar, –delimiters=char Separate columns with char instead of a tab. Note: you can separate columns with different characters by supplying more than one char. –help

set keyword[=value] Change state information affecting the lookups. Valid keywords are: all Print the current values of the frequently used options to set. class=name Set query class to IN (Internet), CHAOS, HESIOD, or ANY. Default is IN. domain=name Change default domain name to name. [no]debug Turn debugging mode on or off. [no]d2 Turn exhaustive debugging mode on or off. [no]defname Append default domain name to every lookup. [no]ignoretc Ignore truncate error. [no]recurse Tell name server to query or not query other servers if it does not have the information. [no]search With defname, search for each name in parent domains of current domain. [no]vc Always use a virtual circuit when sending requests to the server. port=port Connect to name server using port. querytype=value See type=value. retry=number Set number of retries to number. root=host Change name of root server to host. srchlist=domain

nohup nohup command [arguments] Run the named command with its optional command arguments, continuing to run it even after you log out (make command immune to hangups; i.e., no hangup). TTY output is appended to the file nohup.out by default. Modern shells preserve background commands by default; this command is necessary only in the original Bourne shell. nslookup nslookup [-option…] [host_to_find | - [server ]] TCP/IP command. Query Internet domain name servers. nslookup has two modes: interactive and noninteractive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. It is entered either when no arguments are given (default name server will be used) or when the first argument is a hyphen and the second argument is the hostname or Internet address of a name server. Noninteractive mode is used to print just the name and requested information for a host or domain. It is used when the name of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument. Any of the keyword=value pairs listed under the interactive set command can be used as an option on the command line by prefacing the keyword with a -. The optional second argument specifies a name server. Options All of the options under the set interactive command can be entered on the command line, with the syntax - keyword[=value]. Interactive commands exit Exit nslookup. finger [name] [>|>>filename] Connect with finger server on current host, optionally creating or appending to filename. help, ? Print a brief summary of commands. host [server] Look up information for host using the current default server or using server if specified. ls -[ahd] domain [>|>>filename] List information available for domain, optionally creating or appending to filename. The -a option lists aliases of hosts in the domain. -h lists CPU and operating system information for the domain. -d lists all contents of a zone transfer. lserver domain Change the default server to domain. Use the initial server to look up information about domain. root Change default server to the server for the root of the domain namespace. server domain Change the default server to domain. Use the current default server to look up information about domain.

nm nm [options] [objfiles] Print the symbol table (name list) in alphabetical order for one or more object files. If no object files are specified, perform operations on a.out. Output includes each symbol’s value, type, size, name, and so on. A key letter categorizing the symbol can also be displayed. If no object file is given, use a.out. Options -a, –debug-syms Print debugger symbols. -f format Specify output format (bsd, sysv, or posix). Default is bsd. -g, –extern-only Print external symbols only. -n, -v, –numeric-sort Sort the external symbols by address. -p, –no-sort Don’t sort the symbols at all. -r, –reverse-sort Sort in reverse, alphabetically or numerically. –size-sort Sort by size. -u, –undefined-only Report only the undefined symbols. -A, -o, -print-file-name Print input filenames before each symbol. -C, –demangle Translate low-level symbol names into readable versions. -D, –dynamic Print dynamic, not normal, symbols. Useful only when working with dynamic objects (some kinds of shared libraries, for example). -P, –portability Same as -f posix. -V, –version Print nm’s version number on standard error.

-v Print the version number and exit. -w List only raw sockets. -x List only Unix domain sockets. newgrp newgrp [group] Change user’s group identification to the specified group. If no group is specified, change to the user’s login group. The new group is then used for checking permissions. newusers newusers file System administration command. Create or update system users from entries in file. Each line in file has the same format as an entry in /etc/passwd, except passwords are unencrypted, and group IDs can be given as a name or number. During an update, the password age field is ignored if the user already exists in the /etc/shadow password file. If a group name or ID does not already exist, it will be created. If a home directory does not exist, it will be created. nfsd rpc.nfsd [options] System administration command. Daemon that starts the NFS server daemons that handle client filesystem requests. These daemons are user-level processes. The options are exactly the same as in mountd. nice nice [option] [command [arguments]] Execute a command (with its arguments) with lower priority (i.e., be “nice” to other users). With no arguments, nice prints the default scheduling priority (niceness). If nice is a child process, it prints the parent process’s scheduling priority. Niceness has a range of -20 (highest priority) to 19 (lowest priority). Options –help Print a help message and then exit. -n adjustment, -adjustment, –adjustment=adjustment Run command with niceness incremented by adjustment (1-19); default is 10. A privileged user can raise priority by specifying a negative adjustment (e.g., -5). –version Print version information and then exit.

netdate netdate [options] [protocol] hostname… TCP/IP command. Set the system time according to the time provided by one of the hosts in the list hostname. netdate tries to ascertain which host is the most reliable source. When run by an unprivileged user, netdate reports the current time, without attempting to set the system clock. You may specify the protocol — udp (the default) or tcp — once, or several times for various hosts. Options -l time The most reliable host is chosen from the list by sorting the hosts into groups based on the times they return when questioned. The first host from the largest group is then polled a second time. The differences between its time and the local host’s time on each poll are recorded. These two differences are then compared. If the gap between them is greater than time (the default is five seconds), the host is rejected as inaccurate. -v Display the groups into which hosts are sorted. netstat netstat [options] TCP/IP command. Show network status. For all active sockets, print the protocol, the number of bytes waiting to be received, the number of bytes to be sent, the port number, the remote address and port, and the state of the socket. Options -a Show the state of all sockets, not just active ones. -c Display information continuously, refreshing once every second. -i Include statistics for network devices. -n Show network addresses as numbers. -o Include additional information such as username. -r Show routing tables. -t List only TCP sockets. -u List only UDP sockets.

namei namei [options] pathname [pathname . . .] Follow a pathname until a terminal point is found (e.g., a file, directory, char device, etc.). If namei finds a symbolic link, it shows the link and starts following it, indenting the output to show the context. namei prints an informative message when the maximum number of symbolic links this system can have has been exceeded. Options -m Show the mode bits of each file type in the style of ls; for example: “rwxr-xr-x”. -x Show mountpoint directories with a D, rather than a d. File type characters For each line of output, namei prints the following characters to identify the file types found: - A regular file ? An error of some kind b A block device c A character device d A directory f: The pathname namei is currently trying to resolve l A symbolic link (both the link and its contents are output) s A socket

making simple backup files. If the suffix is not set either way, the default is a tilde (~). -V value, –version-control=value Override the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable, which determines the type of backups made. The acceptable values for version control are: t, numbered Always make numbered backups. nil, existing Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple backups of the others. The default. never, simple Always make simple backups. named named [options] TCP/IP command. Internet domain name server. named is used by resolver libraries to provide access to the Internet distributed naming database. With no arguments, named reads /etc/named.boot for any initial data and listens for queries on a privileged port. See RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 for more details. There are several named binaries available at different Linux archives, displaying various behaviors. If your version doesn’t behave like the one described here, never fear — it should have come with documentation. Options -d debuglevel Print debugging information. debuglevel is a number indicating the level of messages printed. -p port Use port as the port number. Default is 42. [-b] bootfile File to use instead of named.boot. The -b is optional and allows you to specify a filename that begins with a leading dash. File /etc/named.boot Read when named starts up.