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-R Show the job’s position in the print queue. -s Summarize the print status (shows almost everything). -t Show all status information (reports everything). -u [list] Show request status for users on list. list can be all to show information on all users. -v [list] Show device associated with each printer named in list. lptest lptest [length] [count] Generate a lineprinter test pattern on standard output. Prints a standard ripple pattern of all printable ASCII characters, offset by one position on each succeeding line. Parameters length Specify the output line length (default is 79). count Specify the number of lines to print (default is 200). ls ls [options] [names] List contents of directories. If no names are given, list the files in the current directory. With one or more names, list files contained in a directory name or that match a file name. names can include filename metacharacters. The options let you display a variety of information in different formats. The most useful options include -F, -R, - l, and -s. Some options don’t make sense together (e.g., -u and -c). Options -1, –format=single-column Print one entry per line of output. -a List all files, including the normally hidden files whose names begin with a period. -b, –escape Display nonprinting characters in octal and alphabetic format. -c, –time-ctime, –time=status List files by status change time (not creation/modification time).

Set num characters as the page width for pr. lprm lprm [options] [jobnum] [user] Remove a print job from the print spool queue. You must specify a job number or numbers, which can be obtained from lpq. A privileged user may use the user parameter to remove all files belonging to a particular user or users. Options -Pprinter Specify printer name. Normally, the default printer or printer specified in the PRINTER environment variable is used. - Remove all jobs in the spool owned by user. lpstat lpstat [options] Show the status of the print queue. With options that take a list argument, omitting the list produces all information for that option. list can be separated by commas or, if enclosed in double quotes, by spaces. Options -a [list] Show whether the list of printer or class names is accepting requests. -c [list] Show information about printer classes named in list. -d Show the default printer destination. -f [list] Verify that the list of forms is known to lp. -l Use after -f to describe available forms, after -p to show printer configurations, or after -s to describe printers appropriate for the specified character set or print wheel. -o [list] Show the status of output requests. list contains printer names, class names, or request IDs. -p [list] Show the status of printers named in list. -r Show whether the print scheduler is on or off.

-n Expect data from ditroff (device-independent troff). -p Use pr to format the files. -t Expect data from troff (phototypesetter commands). -v Expect a raster image for devices like the Benson Varian. -Pprinter Output to printer instead of the printer specified in the PRINTER environment variable or the system default. -h Do not print the burst page. -m Send mail to notify of completion. -r Remove the file upon completion of spooling. Cannot be used with the -s option. -s Use symbolic links instead of copying files to the spool directory. This can save time and disk space for large files. Files should not be modified or removed until they have been printed. -#num Print num copies of each listed file. -C string Replace system name on the burst page with string. -J name Replace the job name on the burst page with name. If omitted, uses the first file’s name. -T title Use title as the title when using pr. -i [cols] Indent the output. Default is 8 columns. Specify number of columns to indent with the cols argument. -w num

Minimum free space to leave /dev/lp* Printer devices /etc/hosts.equiv Machine names allowed printer access /etc/hosts.lpd Machine names allowed printer access, but not under same administrative control lpq lpq [options] [user] Check the print spool queue for status of print jobs. For each job, display username, rank in the queue, filenames, job number, and total file size (in bytes). If user is specified, display information only for that user. Options -l Print information about each file comprising a job. -Pprinter Specify which printer to query. Without this option, lpq uses the printer set in the PRINTER environment variable or the default system printer. num Check status for job number num. lpr lpr [options] files Send files to the printer spool queue. Options -c Expect data produced by cifplot. -d Expect data produced by TeX in the DVI (device- independent) format. -f Use a filter that interprets the first character of each line as a standard carriage control character. -g Expect standard plot data as produced by the plot routines. -l Use a filter that allows control characters to be printed and suppresses page breaks.

Hostname — name of machine where lpd was invoked. J Job name — string to be used for the jobname on the burst page. L Literal — this line contains identification information from the password file and causes the banner page to be printed. l Formatted file, but suppress page breaks and printing of control characters. M Mail — send mail to the specified user when the current print job completes. n ditroff file. P Person — login name of person who invoked lpd. r DVI file. T Title — string to be used as the title for pr. t troff file. U Unlink — name of file to remove upon completion of printing. Option -l Enable logging of all valid requests. Files /etc/printcap Printer description file /var/spool/* Spool directories /var/spool/*/minfree

exit, quit Exit lpc. restart all|printer Try to restart printer daemons for the specified printers. start all|printer Enable the printer queues and start printing daemons for the specified printers. status all|printer Return the status of the specified printers. stop all|printer Disable the specified printer daemons after any current jobs are completed. topq printer [jobnumbers] [users] Put the specifed jobs at the top of the printer’s queue in the order the jobs are listed. up all|printer Enable print queues and restart daemons for the specified printers. lpd lpd [option] [port] TCP/IP command. Line printer daemon. lpd is usually invoked at boot time from the rc2 file. It makes a single pass through the printer configuration file (traditionally /etc/printcap) to find out about the existing printers and prints any files left after a crash. It then accepts requests to print files in a queue, transfer files to a spooling area, display a queue’s status, or remove jobs from a queue. In each case, it forks a child process for each request, then continues to listen for subsequent requests. If port is specified, lpd listens on that port; otherwise, it uses the getservbyname call to ascertain the correct port. The file lock in each spool directory prevents multiple daemons from becoming active simultaneously. After the daemon has set the lock, it scans the directory for files beginning wth cf. Lines in each cf file specify files to be printed or nonprinting actions to be performed. Each line begins with a key character, which specifies information about the print job or what to do with the remainder of the line. Key characters are: C Classification — string to be used for the classification line on the burst page. c cifplot file. f Formatted file — name of a file to print that is already formatted. g Graph file. H

The number of times to rotate a log file before removing it. size n[k|M] Rotate log file when it is greater than n bytes. n can optionally be followed by k for kilobytes or M for megabytes. look look [options] string [file] Search for lines in file (/usr/dict/words by default) that begin with string. Options -a Use alternate dictionary /usr/dict/web2. -d Compare only alphanumeric characters. -f Search is not case-sensitive. -t character Stop checking after the first occurrence of character. lpc lpc [command] System administration command. Control line printer. If executed without a command, lpc will accept commands from standard input. Commands ?, help [commands] Get a list of commands or help on specific commands. abort all|printer Terminate current printer daemon and disable printing for the specified printer. clean all|printer Remove files that cannot be printed from the specified printer queues. disable all|printer Disable specified printer queues. down all|printer message Disable specified printer queues and put message in the printer status file. enable all|printer Enable the specified printer queues.

endscript End a postrotate or prerotate script. ifempty Rotate log file even if it is empty. Overrides the default notifempty option. include file Read the file into current file. If file is a directory, read all files in that directory into the current file. mail address Mail any deleted logs to address. monthly Rotate log files only the first time logrotate is run in a month. nocompress Override compress. nocopytruncate Override copytruncate. nocreate Override create. nodelaycompress Override delaycompress. noolddir Override olddir. notifempty Override ifempty. olddir directory Move logs into directory for rotation. directory must be on the same physical device as the original log files. postrotate Begin a script of directives to apply after the log file is rotated. The script ends when the endscript directive is read. prerotate Begin a script of directives to apply before a log file is rotated. The script ends when the endscript directive is read. rotate number

logname logname [option] Consult /var/run/utmp for user’s login name. If found, print it; otherwise, exit with an error message. Options –help Print a help message and then exit. –version Print version information and then exit. logrotate logrotate [options] config_files System administration command. Manipulate log files according to commands given in config_files. Options -d Debug mode. No changes will be made to log files. -s, –state file Save state information in file. The default is /var/lib/logrotate.status. –usage Usage version and copyright information. Commands compress Compress old versions of log files with gzip. copytruncate Copy log file, then truncate it in place. For use with programs whose logging cannot be temporarily halted. create [permissions] [owner] [group] After rotation, re-create log file with the specified permissions, owner, and group. permissions must be in octal. If any of these parameters is missing, the log file’s original attributes will be used. daily Rotate log files every day. delaycompress Don’t compress log file until the next rotation. errors address Mail any errors to the given address.

After a lockfile has been removed by force (see -l), a suspension of 16 seconds takes place by default. (This is intended to prevent the inadvertent immediate removal of any lockfile newly created by another program.) Use -s to change the default 16 seconds. logger logger [options] [message…] TCP/IP command. Add entries to the system log (via syslogd). A message can be given on the command line, or standard input is logged. Options -f file Read message from file. -i Include the process ID of the logger process. -p pri Enter message with the specified priority pri. Default is user.notice. -t tag Mark every line in the log with the specified tag. login login [name | option] Log in to the system. login asks for a username (name can be supplied on the command line) and password (if appropriate). If successful, login updates accounting files, sets various environment variables, notifies users if they have mail, and executes startup shell files. Only the root user can log in when /etc/nologin exists. That file is displayed before the connection is terminated. Furthermore, root may connect only on a tty that is listed in /etc/securetty. If ~/.hushlogin exists, execute a quiet login. If /var/adm/lastlog exists, print the time of the last login. Options -f Suppress second login authentication. -h host Specify name of remote host. Normally used by servers, not humans; may be used only by root. -p Preserve previous environment.