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-Bpath Specify the path directory in which the compiler files are located. -C Retain comments during preprocessing. Meaningful only with -E. -Dname[=def] Define name with value def as if by a #define. If no =def is given, name is defined with value 1. -D has lower precedence than -U. -E Preprocess the source files, but do not compile. Print result to standard output. -Idir Include dir in list of directories to search for include files. If dir is -, search those directories that were specified by -I before the -I- only when #include “file” is specified, not #include . -Ldir Search dir in addition to standard directories. -M Instead of compiling, print a rule suitable for inclusion in a makefile that describes dependencies of the source file based on its #include directives. Implies -E. -MD Similar to -M, but sends dependency information to files ending in .d in addition to ordinary compilation. -MG Used with -M or -MM. Suppress error messages if an included file does not exist; useful if the included file is automatically generated by a build. -MMD Similar to -MD, but record only user header file information, not system header file information. -MM Similar to -M, but limit the rule to non-standard #include files; that is, only files declared through #include “file” and not those declared through #include . -H Print pathnames of included files, one per line, on standard error. -O[level] Optimize. level should be 1, 2, 3, or 0. The default is 1. 0 turns off optimization; 3 optimizes the most. -P Preprocess input without producing line-control information used by next pass of C compiler. Meaningful only with -E.

-pg Provide profile information for use with gprof. -pipe Transfer information between stages of compiler by pipes instead of temporary files. -s Remove all symbol table and relocation information from the executable. -save-temps Save temporary files in the current directory when compiling. -static Suppress linking to shared libraries. -traditional Attempt to behave like a traditional C compiler. -traditional-cpp Cause the preprocessor to attempt to behave like a traditional C preprocessor. -trigraphs Include trigraph support. -u symbol Force the linker to search libraries for a definition of symbol and to link to them, if found. -undef Define only those constants required by the language standard, not system-specific constants like unix. -v Verbose mode. Display commands as they are executed, gcc version number, and preprocessor version number. -w Suppress warnings. -x language Expect input file to be written in language, which may be c, objective-c, c-header, c++, cpp-output, assembler, or assembler-with-cpp. If none is specified as language, guess the language by filename extension. -Aquestion(answer) If the preprocessor encounters a conditional such as #if question, assert answer in response. To turn off standard assertions, use -A-.

-idirafter dir Include dir in the list of directories to search when an include file is not found in the normal include path. -include file Process file before proceeding to the normal input file. -imacros file Process the macros in file before proceeding to the normal input file. -iprefix prefix When adding directories with -iwithprefix, prepend prefix to the directory’s name. -isystem dir Add dir to the list of directories to be searched when a system file cannot be found in the main include path. -iwithprefix dir Append dir to the list of directories to be searched when a header file cannot be found in the main include path. If -iprefix has been set, prepend that prefix to the directory’s name. -llib Link to lib. -nostartfiles Force linker to ignore standard system startup files. -nostdinc Search only specified, not standard, directories for header files. -nostdinc++ Suppress searching of directories believed to contain C++-specific header files. -nostdlib Suppress linking to standard library files. -o file Specify output file as file. Default is a.out. -p Provide profile information for use with prof. -pedantic Warn verbosely. -pedantic-errors Err in every case in which -pedantic would have produced a warning.

-c Create linkable object file for each source file, but do not call linker. -dD Print #defines. -dM Suppress normal output. Print series of #defines that are in effect at the end of preprocessing. -dN Print #defines with macro names only, not arguments or values. -fno-asm Do not recognize asm, inline, or typeof as keywords. Implied by -ansi. -fno-builtin Do not recognize built-in functions unless they begin with two underscores. -fno-gnu-keywords Do not recognize classof, headof, signature, sigof, or typeof as keywords. -fno-ident Do not respond to #ident commands. -fsigned-bitfields -funsigned-bitfields -fno-signed-bitfields -fno-unsigned-bitfields Set default control of bitfields to signed or unsigned if not explicitly declared. -fsigned-char Cause the type char to be signed. -fsyntax-only Check for syntax errors. Do not attempt to actually compile. -funsigned-char Cause the type char to be unsigned. -g Include debugging information for use with gdb. -glevel Provide level amount of debugging information. level must be 1, 2, or 3, with 1 providing the least amount of information. The default is 2.

Any changes to routing table. state State machine transitions. symbols Symbols read from kernel — note that they are read before the configuration file is parsed, so this option must be specified on the command line. task System tasks and interfaces. timer Timer usage. -C Parse configuration file for errors and set exit code to indicate if there were any (1) or not (0), then exit. -N Do not daemonize. gawk gawk [options] `script’ [var=value…] [files] gawk [options] -f scriptfile [var=value…] [files] The GNU version of awk, a program that does pattern matching, record processing, and other forms of text manipulation. For more information, see Chapter 13, “The gawk Scripting Language”. gcc gcc [options] files Compile one or more C source files (file.c), assembler source files (file.s), or preprocessed C source files (file.i). If the file suffix is not recognizable, assume that the file is an object file or library. gcc automatically invokes the link editor ld (unless -c, -S, or -E is supplied). In some cases, gcc generates an object file having a .o suffix and a corresponding root name. By default, output is placed in a.out. gcc accepts many system-specific options not covered here. Note: gcc is the GNU form of cc; on most Linux systems, the command cc will invoke gcc. The command g++ will invoke gcc with the appropriate options for interpreting C++. Options -a Provide profile information for basic blocks. -ansi Enforce full ANSI conformance. -b machine Compile for use on machine type.

g++ g++ [options] files Invoke gcc with the options necessary to make it recognize C++. g++ recognizes all the file extensions gcc does, in addition to C++ source files (.C, .cc, or .cxx files) and C++ preprocessed files (.ii files). See also gcc. gated gated [options] TCP/IP command. Gateway routing daemon. gated handles multiple routing protocols and replaces routed and any routing daemons that speak the Hello, EGP, or BGP routing protocols. gated currently handles the RIP, BGP, EGP, Hello, and OSPF routing protocols and can be configured to perform all or any combination of the five. Options -c Parse configuration file for syntax errors, then exit gated, leaving a dump file in /usr/tmp/gated_dump. -f config_file Use alternate configuration file, config_file. Default is /etc/gated.conf. -n Do not modify kernel’s routing table. -t [trace_options] Start gated with the specified tracing options enabled. If no flags are specified, assume general. The trace flags are: adv Management of policy blocks. all Includes normal, policy, route, state, task, and timer. general Includes normal and route. iflist The kernel interface list. normal Normal protocols instances. parse Lexical analyzer and parser. policy Instances in which policy is applied to imported and exported routes. route

fuser fuser [options] [files | filesystems] Identify processes that are using a file or filesystem. fuser outputs the process IDs of the processes that are using the files or local filesystems. Each process ID is followed by a letter code: c if process is using file as current directory, e if executable, f if an open file, m if a shared library, and r if the root directory. Any user with permission to read /dev/kmem and /dev/mem can use fuser, but only a privileged user can terminate another user’s process. fuser does not work on remote (NFS) files. If more than one group of files is specified, the options may be respecified for each additional group of files. A lone dash (-) cancels the options currently in force, and the new set of options applies to the next group of files. Options - Return all options to defaults. -signal Send signal instead of SIGKILL. -a Display information on all specified files, even if they are not being accessed by any processes. -i Request user confirmation to kill a process. Ignored if -k is not also specified. -k Send SIGKILL signal to each process. -l List signal names. -m Expect files to exist on a mounted filesystem; include all files accessing that filesystem. -s Silent. -u User login name, in parentheses, also follows process ID. -v Verbose. -V Display version information.

Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique filenames. system Show type of operating system running on remote machine. tenex Set file transfer type to that needed to talk to TENEX machines. trace Toggle packet tracing. type [type-name] Set file transfer type to type-name. If no type is specified, the current type is printed. The default type is network ASCII. umask [mask] Set user file-creation mode mask on the remote site. If mask is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. user username [password] [account] Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. ftp will prompt the user for the password, if not specified and the server requires it, and the account field. verbose Toggle verbose mode. ? [command] Same as help. ftpd in.ftpd [options] TCP/IP command. Internet File Transfer Protocol server. The server uses the TCP protocol and listens at the port specified in the ftp service specification. ftpd is started by inetd and must have an entry in inetd’s configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf. Options -d Write debugging information to the syslog. -l Log each FTP session in the syslog. -Tmaxtimeout Set maximum timeout period in seconds. Default limit is 15 minutes. -ttimeout Set timeout period to timeout seconds.

reget remote-file [local-file] Retrieve a file (like get), but restart at the end of local-file. Useful for restarting a dropped transfer. remotehelp [command-name] Request help from the remote FTP server. If command-name is specified, remote help for that command is returned. remotestatus [filename] Show status of the remote machine, or, if filename is specified, filename on remote machine. rename [from] [to] Rename file from on remote machine to to. reset Clear reply queue. restart marker Restart the transfer of a file from a particular byte count. rmdir [directory-name] Delete a directory on the remote machine. runique Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique filenames. When this option is on, rename files as .1 or .2, and soon, as appropriate, to preserve unique filenames, and report each such action. Default value is off. send local-file [remote-file] Synonym for put. sendport Toggle the use of PORT commands. site [command] Get/set site-specific information from/on remote machine. size filename Return size of filename on remote machine. status Show current status of ftp. struct [struct-name] Set the file transfer structure to struct-name. By default, stream structure is used. sunique

nlist [remote-directory] [local-file] Print list of files of a directory on the remote machine to local-file (or the screen if local-file is not specified). If remote-directory is unspecified, the current working directory is used. nmap [inpattern outpattern] Set or unset the filename mapping mechanism. The mapping follows the pattern set by inpattern, a template for incoming filenames, and outpattern, which determines the resulting mapped filename. The sequences $1 through $9 are treated as variables, for example, the inpattern $1.$2, along with the input file readme.txt, would set $1 to readme and $2 to txt. An outpattern of $1.data would result in an output file of readme.data. $0 corresponds to the complete filename. [string1, string2] is replaced by string1, unless that string is null, in which case it’s replaced by string2. ntrans [inchars [outchars ]] Set or unset the filename character translation mechanism. Characters in a filename matching a character in inchars are replaced with the corresponding character in outchars. If no arguments are specified, the filename mapping mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified: m Characters in remote filenames are translated during mput and put commands issued without a specified remote target filename. m Characters in local filenames are translated during mget and get commands issued without a specified local target filename. open host [port] Establish a connection to the specified host FTP server. An optional port number may be supplied, in which case ftp will attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. prompt Toggle interactive prompting. proxy ftp-command Execute an FTP command on a secondary control connection (i.e., send commands to two separate remote hosts simultaneously). put local-file [remote-file] Store a local file on the remote machine. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local filename is used after processing according to any ntrans or nmap settings in naming the remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for type, file, structure, and transfer mode. pwd Print name of the current working directory on the remote machine. quit Synonym for bye. quote arg1 arg2… Send the arguments specified, verbatim, to the remote FTP server. recv remote-file [local-file] Synonym for get.