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Like -h, but show as power of 1000 rather than 1024. -k, –kilobytes Print sizes in kilobytes (this is the default). -l, –count-links Count the size of all files, whether or not they have already appeared (i.e., via a hard link). -L, –dereference Follow symbolic links. –exclude=pattern Exclude files that match pattern. –max-depth=num Report sizes for directories only down to num levels below the starting point (which is level 0). -m, –megabytes Print sizes in megabytes. -s, –summarize Print only the grand total for each named directory. -S, –separate-dirs Do not include the sizes of subdirectories when totaling the size of parent directories. -x, –one-file-system Display usage of files in current filesystem only. -X, –exclude-from=file Exclude files that match any pattern in file. –help Print help message and then exit. –version Print the version and then exit. dumpe2fs dumpe2fs device System administration command. Print information about device’s superblock and blocks group.

-n Ensure that no changes are made to the filesystem. When queried, answer “no.” -p “Preen.” Repair all bad blocks noninteractively. -t Display timing statistics. -v Verbose. -y When queried, answer “yes.” -B size Expect to find the superblock at size; if it’s not there, exit. -F Flush buffer caches before checking. -L file Consult file for list of bad blocks instead of checking filesystem for them. du du [options] [directories] Print disk usage (as the number of 1KB blocks used by each named directory and its subdirectories; default is current directory). Options -a, –all Print usage for all files, not just subdirectories. -b, –bytes Print sizes in bytes. -c, –total In addition to normal output, print grand total of all arguments. -D, –dereference-args Follow symbolic links, but only if they are command-line arguments. -h, –human-readable Print sizes in human-reader-friendly format. -H, –si

dirname dirname pathname Print pathname excluding the last level. Useful for stripping the actual filename from a pathname. If there are no slashes (no directory levels) in pathname, dirname prints . to indicate the current directory. See also basename. dmesg dmesg [options] System administration command. Display the system control messages from the kernel ring buffer. This buffer stores all messages since the last system boot or the most recent ones, if the buffer has been filled. Options -c Clear buffer after printing messages. -n level Set the level of system message that will display on console. dnsdomainname dnsdomainname TCP/IP command. Print the system’s DNS domain name. See also hostname. domainname domainname [name] NFS/NIS command. Set or display name of current NIS domain. With no argument, domainname displays the name of the current NIS domain. Only a privileged user can set the domain name by giving an argument; this is usually done in a startup script. dosfsck dosfsck [options] device fsck.ext2 [options] device System administration command. Similar to fsck, but specifically intended for MS-DOS filesystems. When checking an MS-DOS filesystem, fsck calls this command. Normally dosfsck stores all changes in memory, then writes them when checks are complete. Options -a Automatically repair the system; do not prompt the user. -A Use the Atari version of the MS-DOS filesystem. -d file Drop the named file from the file allocation table. Force checking, even if kernel has already marked the filesystem as valid. dosfsck will normally exit without checking if the system appears to be clean. -l file Consult file for a list of bad blocks, in addition to checking for others.

Specify the serial device the modem is attached to. quit Exit with a nonzero exit status. Abort the connection. reset Reset the modem. securid Prompt user for the variable part of an ACE System SecureID password and send it together with the stored prefix to the remote system. securidf prefix Store the fixed part of an ACE System SecureID password. send string Send string to the serial device. shell command Execute command in a shell using the user’s real UID. skey [timeout] Wait for an S/Key challenge, then prompt user for the secret key. Generate and send the response. Abort if challenge is not received within timeout seconds. S/Key support must be compiled into dip. sleep time Wait time seconds. speed bits-per-second Set the port speed. Default is 38400. stopbits 1|2 Set the number of stop bits. term Enable terminal mode. Pass keyboard input directly to the serial device. timeout time Set the number of seconds the line can be inactive before the link is closed. wait text [timeout] Wait timeout seconds for text to arrive from the remote system. If timeout is not specified, wait forever.

flush Clear the input buffer. get $variable [ask|remote [timeout]] value Set $variable to value. If ask is specified, prompt the user for a value. If remote is specified, retrieve the value from the remote system. Abort after timeout seconds. goto label Jump to the section identified by label. help List available commands. if expr goto label Jump to the section identified by label if the expression evaluates to true. An expression compares a variable to a constant using one of these operators: =, !=, <, >, <=, or >=. inc $variable [value] Increment $variable by value. The default is 1. init string Set the string used to initialize the modem. The default is ATE0 Q0 V1 X1. mode protocol Set the connection protocol. Valid values are SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, and TERM. The default is SLIP. netmask mask Set the subnet mask. parity E|O|N Set the line parity to even, odd, or none. password Prompt user for password. proxyarp Install a proxy ARP entry in the local ARP table. print $variable Display the content of $variable. psend command Execute command in a shell, and send output to the serial device. Commands are executed using the user’s real UID. port device

The protocol to use: SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, or TERM. -t Command mode. This is usually done for testing. -v Verbose mode. Commands Most of these commands can be used either in interactive mode or in a script file. beep times Beep the terminal the specified number of times. bootp Retrieve local and remote IP addresses using the BOOTP protocol. break Send a BREAK. chatkey keyword code Map a modem response keyword to a numeric code. config [interface|routing] [pre|up|down|post] arguments Modify interface characteristics or the routing table, before the link comes up, when it is up, when it goes down, or after it is down. The syntax for arguments is the same as arguments for the ifconfig or route commands. databits 7|8 Set the number of data bits. dec $variable [value] Decrement $variable by value. The default is 1. default Set default route to the IP address of the host connected to. dial phonenumber [timeout] Dial phonenumber. Abort if remote modem doesn’t answer within timeout seconds. Set $errlvl according to the modem response. echo on|off Enable or disable the display of modem commands. exit [n] Exit the script. Optionally return the number n as the exit status.

-x, –overlap-only Create an ed script to incorporate into file1 all differences where all three files differ (overlapping changes). -X Same as -x, but show only overlapping changes, in bracketed format. -m, –merge Create file with changes merged (not an ed script). -L label, –label=label Use label to replace filename in output. -i Append the w (save) and q (quit) commands to ed script output. -T, –initial-tab Begin lines with a tab instead of two spaces in output to line tabs up properly. -v, –version Print version information and then exit. dip dip [options] [chat scriptfile] System administration command. Set up or initiate dial-up Internet connections. dip can be used to establish connections for users dialing out or dialing in. Commands can be used in interactive mode or placed in a script file for use in dial-out connections. To establish dial-in connections, dip is often is used as a shell and may be executed using the commands diplogin or diplogini. Options -a In dial-in mode, prompt for username and password. Same as the diplogini command. -i Initiate a login shell for a dial-in connection. Same as the diplogin command. -k Kill the most recent dip process or the process running on the device specified by the -l option. -l device Used with the -k option. Specifies a tty device. -m mtu Maximum Transfer Unit. The default is 296. -p protocol

Produce two-column output. -n For context and unified diff, print n lines of context. Same as specifying a number with -C or -U. diff3 diff3 [options] file1 file2 file3 Compare 3 files and report the differences. No more than one of the files may be given as - (indicating that it is to be read from standard input). The output is displayed with the following codes: ==== All three files differ. ====1 file1 is different. ====2 file2 is different. ====3 file3 is different. diff3 is also designed to merge changes in two differing files based on a common ancestor file (i.e., when two people have made their own set of changes to the same file). diff3 can find changes between the ancestor and one of the newer files and generate output that adds those differences to the other new file. Unmerged changes are places where both of the newer files differ from each other and at least one of them from the ancestor. Changes from the ancestor that are the same in both of the newer files are called merged changes. If all three files differ in the same place, it is called an overlapping change. This scheme is used on the command line with the ancestor being file2, the second filename. Comparison is made between file2 and file3, with those differences then applied to file1. Options -3, –easy-only Create an ed script to incorporate into file1 unmerged, nonoverlapping differences between file1 and file3. -a, –text Treat files as text. -A, –show-all Create an ed script to incorporate all changes, showing conflicts in bracketed format. -e, –ed Create an ed script to incorporate into file1 all unmerged differences between file2 and file3. -E, –show-overlap Create an ed script to incorporate unmerged changes, showing conflicts in bracketed format.

-q, –brief Output only whether files differ. -r, –recursive Compare subdirectories recursively. -s, –report-identical-files Indicate when files do not differ. -S filename, –starting-file=filename For directory comparisons, begin with the file filename, skipping files that come earlier in the standard list order. –suppress-common-lines For two-column output (-y), do not show common lines. -t, –expand-tabs Produce output with tabs expanded to spaces. -T, –initial-tab Insert initial tabs into output to line up tabs properly. -u Unified diff: print old and new versions of lines in a single block, with 3 lines surrounding each block of changed lines. -U n, –unified[=n] Unified diff: print old and new versions of lines in a single block, with n lines surrounding each block of changed lines. The default context is 3 lines. -v, –version Print version number of this version of diff. -w, –ignore-all-space Ignore all whitespace in files for comparisons. -W n, –width=n For two-column output (-y), produce columns with a maximum width of n characters. Default is 130. -x regexp, –exclude=regexp Do not compare files in a directory whose names match regexp. -X filename, –exclude-from=filename Do not compare files in a directory whose names match patterns described in the file filename. -y, –side-by-side

-e, –ed Produce a script of commands (a, c, d) to re-create file2 from file1 using the ed editor. -F regexp, –show-function-line[=regexp] For context and unified diff, show the most recent line containing regexp before each block of changed lines. -H Speed output of large files by scanning for scattered small changes; long stretches with many changes may not show up. –help Print brief usage message. –horizon-lines=n In an attempt to find a more compact listing, keep n lines on both sides of the changed lines when performing the comparison. -i, –ignore-case Ignore case in text comparison. Uppercase and lowercase are considered the same. -I regexp, –ignore-matching-lines=regexp Ignore lines in files that match the regular expression regexp. -l, –paginate Paginate output by passing it to pr. -L label, –label label, –label=label For context and unified diff, print label in place of the filename being compared. The first such option applies to the first filename and the second option to the second filename. –left-column For two-column output (-y), show only left column of common lines. -n, –rcs Produce output in RCS diff format. -N, –new-file Treat nonexistent files as empty. -p, –show-c-function When handling files in C or C-like languages such as Java, show the function containing each block of changed lines. Assumes -c but can also be used with a unified diff. -P, –unidirectional-new-file If two directories are being compared and the first lacks a file that is in the second, pretend that an empty file of that name exists in the first directory.