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dd dd options Make a copy of an input file (if) using the specified conditions, and send the results to the output file (or standard output if of is not specified). Any number of options can be supplied, although if and of are the most common and are usually specified first. Because dd can handle arbitrary blocksizes, it is useful when converting between raw physical devices. Options bs=n Set input and output blocksize to n bytes; this option overrides ibs and obs. cbs=n Set the size of the conversion buffer (logical record length) to n bytes. Use only if the conversion flag is ascii, ebcdic, ibm, block, or unblock. conv=flags Convert the input according to one or more (comma-separated) flags listed next. The first five flags are mutually exclusive. ascii EBCDIC to ASCII. ebcdic ASCII to EBCDIC. ibm ASCII to EBCDIC with IBM conventions. block Variable-length records (i.e., those terminated by a newline) to fixed-length records. unblock Fixed-length records to variable-length. lcase Uppercase to lowercase. ucase Lowercase to uppercase. noerror Continue processing after read errors. notrunc Don’t truncate output file. swab
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%W Week number in year (00-53); start week on Monday. %X Country-specific time format. %Y Four-digit year (e.g., 1996). %Z Time zone name. Strings for setting date Strings for setting the date may be numeric or nonnumeric. Numeric strings consist of time, day, and year in the format MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]. Nonnumeric strings may include month strings, time zones, a.m., and p.m. time A two-digit hour and two-digit minute (hhmm); hh uses 24-hour format. day A two-digit month and two-digit day of month (MMDD); default is current day and month. year The year specified as either the full four-digit century and year or just the two-digit year; the default is the current year. Examples Set the date to July 1 (0701), 4 a.m. (0400), 1995 (95): date 0701040095 The command: date +”Hello%t Date is %D %n%t Time is %T” produces a formatted date as follows: Hello Date is 05/09/93 Time is 17:53:39
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Seconds since “The Epoch,” 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (a nonstandard extension). %t Insert a tab. %w Day of week (Sunday = 0). %x Country-specific date format. %y Last two digits of year (00-99). %z RFC 822-style numeric time zone. %A Full weekday. %B Full month name. %D Date in %m/%d/%y format. %H Hour in 24-hour format (00-23). %I Hour in 12-hour format (01-12). %M Minutes (00-59). %S Seconds (00-59). %T Time in %H:%M:%S format. %U Week number in year (00-53); start week on Sunday. %V Week number in year (01-52); start week on Monday.
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Literal %. - Do not pad fields (default: pad fields with zeros). _ Pad fields with space (default: zeros). %a Abbreviated weekday. %b Abbreviated month name. %c Country-specific date and time format. %d Day of month (01-31). %h Same as %b. %j Julian day of year (001-366). %k Hour in 24-hour format, without leading zeros (0-23). %l Hour in 12-hour format, without leading zeros (1-12). %m Month of year (01-12). %n Insert a new line. %p String to indicate AM or PM. %r Time in %I:%M:%S %p (12-hour) format. %s
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date date [options] [+format] [date] Print the current date and time. You may specify a display format. format can consist of literal text strings (blanks must be quoted) as well as field descriptors, whose values will appear as described in the following entries (the listing shows some logical groupings). A privileged user can change the system’s date and time. Options +format Display current date in a nonstandard format. For example: % date +”%A %j %n%k %p” Tuesday 248 15 PM The default is %a %b %e %T %Z %Y — e.g., Tue Sep 5 14:59:37 EDT 2000. -d date, –date date Display date, which should be in quotes and may be in the format d days or m months d days to print a date in the future. Specify ago to print a date in the past. You may include formatting (see the “Format” section that follows). -f datefile, –file=datefile Like -d but printed once for each line of datefile. -I [timespec], –iso-8601[=timespec] Display in ISO-8601 format. If specified, timespec can have one of the values date (for date only), hours, minutes, or seconds to get the indicated precision. -r file, –reference=file Display the time file was last modified. -R, –rfc-822 Display the date in RFC 822 format. –help Print help message and exit. –version Print version information and exit. -s date, –set date Set the date. -u, –universal Set the date to Greenwich Mean Time, not local time. Format %
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cut cut options [files] Cut out selected columns or fields from one or more files. In the following options, list is a sequence of integers. Use a comma between separate values and a hyphen to specify a range (e.g., 1-10,15,20 or 50-). See also paste and join. Options -b list, –bytes list Specify list of positions; only bytes in these positions will be printed. -c list, –characters list Cut the column positions identified in list. -d c, –delimiter c Use with -f to specify field delimiter as character c (default is tab); special characters (e.g., a space) must be quoted. -f list, –fields list Cut the fields identified in list. -n Don’t split multibyte characters. -s, –only-delimited Use with -f to suppress lines without delimiters. –output-delimiter=string Use string as the output delimiter. By default, the output delimiter is the same as the input delimiter. –help Print help message and then exit. –version Print version information and then exit. Examples Extract usernames and real names from /etc/passwd: cut -d: -f1,5 /etc/passwd Find out who is logged on, but list only login names: who | cut -d”" -f1 Cut characters in the fourth column of file, and paste them back as the first column in the same file: cut -c4 file | paste - file
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-R, –no-regex Don’t include tags based on regular-expression matching for the files that follow this option. -t, –typedefs Include tag entries for typedefs. -u, –update Update tags file to reflect new locations of functions (e.g., when functions are moved to a different source file). Old tags are deleted; new tags are appended. -v, –vgrind Print to standard output a listing (index) of each function, source file, and page number (1 page = 64 lines). -w, –no-warn Suppress warning messages. -x, –cxref Produce a listing of each function, and its line number, source file, and context. -B, –backward-search Search for tags backward through files. -C, –c++ Expect .c and .h files to contain C++, not C, code. -H, -h, –help Print usage information and exit. -S, –ignore-indentation Normally ctags uses indentation to parse the tag file; this option tells it to rely on it less. -T, –typedefs-and-c++ Include tag entries for typedefs, structs, enums, unions, and C++ member functions. -V, –version Print the version number and exit.
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{n} Repeat argument n times. May follow any of the preceding arguments. Files will split at instances of expr or in blocks of num lines. If * is given instead of n, repeat argument until input is exhausted. Examples Create up to 20 chapter files from the file novel: csplit -k -f chap. novel ‘/CHAPTER/’ ‘{20}’ Create up to 100 address files (xx00 through xx99), each four lines long, from a database named address_list: csplit -k address_list 4 {99} ctags ctags [options] files Create a list of function and macro names that are defined in the specified C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, Perl, yacc, or other source files. The output list (named tags by default) contains lines of the form: name file context where name is the function or macro name, file is the source file in which name is defined, and context is a search pattern that shows the line of code containing name. After the list of tags is created, you can invoke vi on any file and type: :set tags=tagsfile:tag name This switches the vi editor to the source file associated with the name listed in tagsfile (which you specify with - t). etags produces an equivalent file for tags to be used with Emacs. Options -a, –append Append tag output to existing list of tags. -d, –defines Include tag entries for C preprocessor definitions. -i file, –include=file Add a note to the tags file that file should be consulted in addition to the normal input file. -l language, –language=language Consider the files that follow this option to be written in language. Use the -h option for a list of languages and their default filename extensions. -o file, –output=file Write to file. -rregexp, –regex=regexp Include a tag for each line that matches regexp in the files following this option.
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%i Same as %d %u Unsigned decimal %o Octal %x Hexadecimal %X Same as %x. -f prefix, –prefix=prefix Name new files prefix00 through prefixn (default is xx00 through xxn). -k, –keep-files Keep newly created files, even when an error occurs (which would normally remove these files). This is useful when you need to specify an arbitrarily large repeat argument, {n}, and you don’t want an out-of- range error to cause removal of the new files. -n num, –digits=num Use output filenames with numbers num digits long. The default is 2. -s, -q, –silent, –quiet Suppress all character counts. -z, –elide-empty-files Do not create empty output files. However, number as if those files had been created. Arguments Any one or a combination of the following expressions may be specified as arguments. Arguments containing blanks or other special characters should be surrounded by single quotes. /expr/[offset] Create file from the current line up to the line containing the regular expression expr. offset should be of the form +n or -n, where n is the number of lines below or above expr. %expr%[offset] Same as /expr/ except no file is created for lines previous to line containing expr. num Create file from current line up to (but not including) line number num. When followed by a repeat count (number inside {}), put the next num lines of input into another output file.
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Use a comma between multiple values, a hyphen to indicate a range, and an asterisk to indicate all possible values. For example, assuming these crontab entries: 59 3 * * 5 find / -print | backup_program0 0 1,15 * * echo “Timesheets due” | mail user The first command backs up the system files every Friday at 3:59 a.m., and the second command mails a reminder on the 1st and 15th of each month. The superuser can always issue the crontab command. Other users must be listed in the file /etc/cron.allow if it exists; otherwise, they must not be listed in /etc/cron.deny. If neither file exists, only the superuser can issue the command. Options The -e, -l, and -r options are not valid if any files are specified. -e Edit the user’s current crontab file (or create one). -l Display the user’s crontab file on standard output. -r Delete the user’s crontab file. -u user Indicates which user’s crontab file will be acted upon. csh csh [options] [file [arguments]] C shell, a command interpreter into which all other commands are entered. For more information, see Chapter 8, “csh and tcsh”. csplit csplit [options] file arguments Separate file into context-based sections and place sections in files named xx00 through xxn (n < 100), breaking file at each pattern specified in arguments. See also split. Options - Read from standard input. -b suffix, --suffix-format=suffix Append suffix to output filename. This option causes -n to be ignored. suffix must specify how to convert the binary integer to readable form by including exactly one of the following: %d, %i, %u, %o, %x, or %X. The value of suffix determines the format for numbers as follows: %d Signed decimal
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