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^J (newline) r ^M (carriage return) t ^I (tab) v ^K (vertical tab) nnn Character with octal value nnn. \ Literal backslash. char1-char2 All characters in the range char1 through char2. If char1 does not sort before char2, produce an error. [char1-char2] Same as char1-char2 if both strings use this. [char*] In string2, expand char to the length of string1. [char*number] Expand char to number occurrences. [x*4] expands to xxxx, for instance. [:class:] Expand to all characters in class, where class can be: alnum Letters and digits alpha Letters blank Whitespace cntrl Control characters digit

Use the time specified in time instead of the current time. This argument must be of the format: [[cc]yy]mmddhhmm[.ss], indicating optional century and year, month, date, hours, minutes, and optional seconds. –help Print help message and then exit. –version Print the version number and then exit. tr tr [options] [string1 [string2]] Translate characters — copy standard input to standard output, substituting characters from string1 to string2 or deleting characters in string1. Options -c, –complement Complement characters in string1 with respect to ASCII 001-377. -d, –delete Delete characters in string1 from output. -s, –squeeze-repeats Squeeze out repeated output characters in string2. -t, –truncate-set1 Truncate string1 to the length of string2 before translating. –help Print help message and then exit. –version Print the version number and then exit. Special characters Include brackets ([]) where shown. a ^G (bell) b ^H (backspace) f ^L (form feed) n

^L Redraw screen. M Sort tasks by resident memory usage. N Sort numerically by process ID. P Sort tasks by CPU usage (default). S Toggle cumulative mode. (See the -S option.) T Sort tasks by time/cumulative time. W Write current setup to ~/.toprc. This is the recommended way to write a top configuration file. touch touch [options] files For one or more files, update the access time and modification time (and dates) to the current time and date. touch is useful in forcing other commands to handle files a certain way; e.g., the operation of make, and sometimes find, relies on a file’s access and modification time. If a file doesn’t exist, touch creates it with a filesize of 0. Options -a, –time=atime, –time=access, –time=use Update only the access time. -c, –no-create Do not create any file that doesn’t already exist. -d time, –date time Change the time value to the specified time instead of the current time. time can use several formats and may contain month names, time zones, a.m. and p.m. strings, as well as others. -m, –time=mtime, –time=modify Update only the modification time. -r file, –reference file Change times to be the same as those of the specified file, instead of the current time. -t time

space Update display immediately. c Toggle display of command name or full command line. f, F Add fields to display or remove fields from the display. h, ? Display help about commands and the status of secure and cumulative modes. k Prompt for process ID to kill and signal to send (default is 15) to kill it. i Toggle suppression of idle and zombie processes. l Toggle display of load average and uptime information. m Toggle display of memory information. n, # Prompt for number of processes to show. If 0 is entered, show as many as will fit on the screen (default). o, O Change order of displayed fields. q Exit. r Apply renice to a process. Prompt for PID and renice value. Suppressed in secure mode. s Change delay between refreshes. Prompt for new delay time, which should be in seconds. Suppressed in secure mode. t Toggle display of processes and CPU states information. A Sort by age, with newest first.

tload tload [options] [tty] Display system load average in graph format. If tty is specified, print it to that tty. Options -d delay Specify the delay, in seconds, between updates. -s scale Specify scale (number of characters between each graph tick). A smaller number results in a larger scale. top top [options] Provide information (frequently refreshed) about the most CPU-intensive processes currently running. See ps for explanations of the field descriptors. Options -b Run in batch mode; don’t accept command-line input. Useful for sending output to another command or to a file. -c Show command line in display instead of just command name. -d delay Specify delay between refreshes. -i Suppress display of idle and zombie processes. -n num Update display num times, then exit. -p pid Monitor only processes with the specified process ID. -q Refresh without any delay. If user is privileged, run with highest priority. -s Secure mode. Disable some (dangerous) interactive commands. -S Cumulative mode. Print total CPU time of each process, including dead child processes. Interactive commands

get remotename localname get filename1 filename2 filename3…filenameN Get a file or set of files from the specified remote sources. mode transfer-mode Set the mode for transfers. transfer-mode may be ASCII or binary. The default is ASCII. put filename put localfile remotefile put filename1 filename2…filenameN remote-directory Transfer a file or set of files to the specified remote file or directory. quit Exit tftp. rexmt retransmission-timeout Set the per-packet retransmission timeout, in seconds. status Print status information: whether tftp is connected to a remote host (i.e., whether a host has been specified for the next connection), the current mode, whether verbose and tracing modes are on, and the values for retransmission timeout and total transmission timeout. timeout total-transmission-timeout Set the total transmission timeout, in seconds. trace Toggle packet tracing. verbose Toggle verbose mode. tftpd tftpd [homedir] TCP/IP command. Trivial File Transfer Protocol server. tftpd is normally started by inetd and operates at the port indicated in the tftp Internet service description in the /etc/inetd.conf file. By default, the entry for tftpd in /etc/inetd.conf is commented out; the comment character must be deleted to make tfptd operational. Before responding to a request, the server attempts to change its current directory to homedir; the default value is tftpboot.

Integer tests The syntax for integer tests is test integer1 option integer2. You may substitute -l string for an integer; this evaluates to string’s length. -eq Are the two integers equal? -ne Are the two integers unequal? -lt Is integer1 less than integer2? -le Is integer1 less than or equal to integer2? -gt Is integer1 greater than integer2? -ge Is integer1 greater than or equal to integer2? tftp tftp [host [port]] User interface to the TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), which allows users to transfer files to and from a remote machine. The remote host may be specified, in which case tftp uses host as the default host for future transfers. Commands Once tftp is running, it issues the prompt: tftp> and recognizes the following commands: ? [command-name…] Print help information. ascii Shorthand for mode ASCII. binary Shorthand for mode binary. connect hostname [port] Set the hostname, and optionally the port, for transfers. get filename

Is the file owned by the process’s effective user ID? -G Is the file owned by the process’s effective group ID? File comparisons The syntax for file comparisons is test file1 option file2. A string by itself, without options, returns true if it’s at least one character long. -nt Is file1 newer than file2? Check modification, not creation, date. -ot Is file1 older than file2? Check modification, not creation, date. -ef Do the files have identical device and inode numbers? String tests The syntax for string tests is test option string. -z Is the string 0 characters long? -n Is the string at least 1 character long? = string Are the two strings equal? != string Are the strings unequal? Expression tests Note that an expression can consist of any of the previous tests. ! expression Is the expression false? expression -a expression Are the expressions both true? expression -o expression Is either expression true?

-c Is the file character special? -d Is the file a directory? -e Does the file exist? -f Is the file a regular file? -g Does the file have the set-group-ID bit set? -k Does the file have the sticky bit set? -L Is the file a symbolic link? -p Is the file a named pipe? -r Is the file readable by the current user? -s Is the file nonempty? -S Is the file a socket? -t [file-descriptor] Is the file associated with file-descriptor (or 1, standard output, by default) connected to a terminal? -u Does the file have the set-user-ID bit set? -w Is the file writable by the current user? -x Is the file executable? -O